01 - Preheat oven to 350°F and line a 12-cup muffin tin with paper liners.
02 - Whisk together flour, sugar, baking soda, baking powder, salt, and pumpkin pie spice in a large bowl until evenly distributed.
03 - In a separate bowl, whisk oil, eggs, pumpkin purée, milk, and vanilla extract until completely smooth and incorporated.
04 - Pour wet ingredients into dry mixture and fold gently until just combined. Be careful not to overmix to maintain tender texture.
05 - Beat cream cheese and sugar in a medium bowl until smooth and creamy. Add egg yolk, heavy cream, cinnamon, cardamom, ginger, cloves, nutmeg, and vanilla. Continue beating until fully incorporated and silky.
06 - Divide pumpkin batter among muffin cups, filling each about 2/3 full to allow room for rising and cheesecake swirl.
07 - Drop approximately 1 tablespoon of chai cheesecake filling onto each muffin. Use a toothpick to gently swirl the cheesecake into the batter, creating a marbled effect.
08 - Bake for 20–22 minutes until tops are golden and a toothpick inserted into the muffin portion (avoiding cheesecake center) comes out clean.
09 - Let muffins cool in the pan for 10 minutes before transferring to a wire rack to cool completely. This prevents the cheesecake filling from becoming too runny.